Debian 11 (bullseye) 經過兩年的等待終於正式發布穩定版本了，帶來了很多更新的內核，更新的軟件包以及其他新特性，具體可以從
這裡我在一台VPS 上詳細演示一下如何使用apt 或者apt-get 命令安全的將Debian 10 (buster) 升級到Debian 11 (bullseye)。如果你需要通過CD-ROM/DVD-ROM、U 盤或者硬盤安裝，可以參考官方的
如果你想從Debian 9 或者更舊的版本升級到Debian 11，請先根據
以下所有操作需要以sudo 權限用戶或者root 用戶執行。完整的安裝指南可以參考官方的
升級有風險，請提前備份數據；同時由於剛發布，不保證現有軟件環境能正常運行，生產環境請謹慎升級。
原文鏈接
1.更新現有軟件包
升級前先更新當前的軟件包核安全補丁到最新版本：
apt update && apt upgrade -y刪除未使用的依賴項：
apt --purge autoremove2.更新sources.list 文件
接下來需要添加用於bullseye 的源，將
或者直接註釋原來的內容，添加：
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main如下圖所示：
如果你需要contrib 和non-free 軟件，可以在main 後面添加
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main contrib non-free deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main contrib non-free deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main contrib non-free deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main contrib non-free deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main contrib non-free deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main contrib non-free deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main contrib non-free deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main contrib non-free deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main contrib non-free deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main contrib non-free deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main contrib non-free deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye main contrib non-free deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates main contrib non-free如果你需要
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-backports main contrib non-free deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-backports main contrib non-free deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-backports main contrib non-free這裡解釋一下鏈接最後的main、contrib、和non-free 的意思和區別，這些參數是Debian 檔案庫的有效檔案庫範圍名稱。因為Debian 是非營利組織，但是組織架構嚴謹，有一套完善的軟件管理方式，基於其對軟件free 度的一種堅持，對不同版權軟件包的錄入有一些限定。
- main
- contrib
- non-free
簡單來說，Debian 是100% 的自由軟件，所以系統中默認只安裝自由軟件，而詳細說明可以參考官方的
以上的源為官方源，國內更新可能或比較慢，你可以找國內鏡像替換，例如使用
# 默認註釋了源碼鏡像以提高apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消註釋deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free # 默认注释了源码镜像以提高apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free # 默认注释了源码镜像以提高apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free # 默认注释了源码镜像以提高apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free # 默认注释了源码镜像以提高apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free # 默认注释了源码镜像以提高apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye-updates main contrib non-free deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/debian-security bullseye-security main contrib non-free3.升級到Debian 11
保存後退出，更新軟件包索引併升級：
apt update && apt full-upgrade會提示你是否升級，輸入
升級過程需要5 到10 分鐘，具體取決於系統硬件和網絡速度，過程中需要進行一些配置。
如果過程中出現apt 的提示，如下圖，可以輸入
你可能會看到有關重新啟動服務或更新現有配置選項的提示。因為在升級特定庫（例如libpam、libc 和libssl）時，由於重新啟動可能會導致系統服務中斷，比如下圖中我選擇的是
接下來會問是否更新
同樣，之後會問你是否更新OpenSSH 配置文件，我選擇的是保留當前版本，如果你更改了ssh 端口或者設置了密鑰登錄，
完成後，建議使用
4.升級完成
重新啟動之後，查看當前系統版本：
cat /etc/os-release
可以看到，系統已經成功升級到了最新的Debian 11 (bullseye) ，內核也升級到了更新的5.10 版本。
之後你可以清理舊的過時軟件包，注意，這是可選步驟，你必須仔細檢查軟件包或不再需要的軟件包，否則可能會破環你當前的軟件環境：
apt --purge autoremove apt --purge autoremove apt autoclean
比如說我發現一個定時執行的python 任務失敗了，是因為原來安裝的virtualenv 也被卸載了，導致在環境中找不到依賴包，重新安裝後可以正常使用。
Debian 穩定版通常每隔兩年發布一個版本，自發行後會得到為期約三年的正式支持，也就是說Debian 11 至少會得到5 年的後續支持，剛發布的版本可能並不完善，建議生產環境至少等到第一個小版本（11.1）後再升級。
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